I Will Recommend A Salad but Choose A Burger for You: the Effect of Decision Tasks and Social Distance on Food Decisions for Others
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63522/jabbs.101005Keywords:
Food decision; Food consumption; Decision task; Social distance; Decision making for othersAbstract
While food decisions are usually personal, consumers often need to make these decisions for other people. In this research, we examine how consumers make food decisions under two decision tasks (recommendation vs. choice) and for others who are socially distant or close to themselves. We argue that consumers focus on others’ preferences when choosing on others’ behalf, whereas they focus on decision justification when recommending to others. In three experimental studies we show that consumers make different choices versus recommendations for others, and this difference is more pronounced in the decisions for distant (vs. close) others. These findings contribute to the literature on decision making and food consumption by identifying the conditions under which consumers are likely to make healthy or unhealthy food decisions for other people. These findings also provide practical implications for consumers to make (better) decisions for others and assess the decisions that others have made for them.
References
Akkoc, U. A., & Fisher, R. J. (2014). How choosing for others affects consumption for the self: the negative consequences of preference imposition. Advances in Consumer Research, 42, 393–394. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147906712
Arkin, R. (1981). Self-presentation styles. In Impression Management Theory and Social Psychological Research, J.T. Tedeschi, ed. New York: Academic Press, 311-334. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-685180-9.50020-8
Aron, A., Aron, E. N., Tudor, M., & Nelson, G. (1991). Close relationships as including other in the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(2), 241–253. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.2.241 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.60.2.241
Aron, A., Aron, E. N., & Smollan, D. (1992). Inclusion of other in the self scale and the str-ucture of interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(4), 596–612. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.596 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.63.4.596
Barasch, A., & Berger, J. (2014). Broadcasting and narrowcasting: how audience size affects what people share. Journal of Marketing Research, 51(3), 286–299. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.13.0238 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.13.0238
Bettman, J. R., Luce, M. F., & Payne, J. W. (1998). Constructive consumer choice processes. The Journal of Consumer Research, 25(3), 187–217. https://doi.org/10.1086/209535 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/209535
Biswas, D., Abell, A., Lim, M., Inman, J. J., & Held, J. (2025). Effects of sampling healthy versus unhealthy foods on subsequent food purchases. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 53(1), 197–212. https://doi-org.uproxy.library.dc-uoit.ca/10.1007/s11747-024-01047-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-024-01047-4
Bonaccio, S., & Dalal, R. S. (2006). Advice taking and decision-making: an integrative literature review, and implications for the organizational sciences. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 101(2), 127–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.07.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.07.001
Chandon, P., & Wansink, B. (2007). Is obesity caused by calorie underestimation? A psychop-hysical model of meal size estimation. Journal of Marketing Research, 44(1), 84–99. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.44.1.84 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.44.1.84
Choi, J., Kim, B. K., Choi, I., & Yi, Y. (2006). Variety-seeking tendency in choice for others: interpersonal and intrapersonal causes. Journal of Consumer Research, 32(4), 590–595. https://doi.org/10.1086/500490 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/500490
Dalal, R. S., & Bonaccio, S. (2010). What types of advice do decision-makers prefer? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 112(1), 11–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2009.11.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2009.11.007
Dhar, R., & Simonson, I. (1999). Making complementary choices in consumption episodes: hi-ghlighting versus balancing. Journal of Marketing Research, 36(1), 29-44. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151913 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002224379903600103
Dhar, R. & Wertenbroch, K., & (2000). Consumer choice between hedonic and utilitarian goods. Journal of Marketing Research, 37(1), 60–71. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.37.1.60.18718 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.37.1.60.18718
Dubois, D., Bonezzi, A., & De Angelis, M. (2016). Sharing with friends versus strangers: how interpersonal closeness influences word-of-mouth valence. Journal of Marketing Research, 53(5), 712–727. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.13.0312 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.13.0312
Fishbach, A., & Zhang, Y. (2008). Together or apart: when goals and temptations complement versus compete. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(4), 547–559. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.4.547 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.4.547
Fiske, S. T. & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social Cognition, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw Hill.
Fitzsimons, G. M., & Finkel, E. J. (2010). Interpersonal influences on self-regulation. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(2), 101–105. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721410364499 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721410364499
Fitzsimons, G. M., & Finkel, E. J. (2011). Outsourcing self-regulation. Psychological Science, 22(3), 369–375. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610397955 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610397955
Goodman, J. K., & Lim, S. (2018). When consumers prefer to give material gifts instead of experiences: the role of social distance. Journal of Consumer Research, 45(2), 365–382. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucy010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucy010
Harvey, N., & Fischer, I. (1997). Taking advice: accepting help, improving judgment, and shar-ing responsibility. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 70(2), 117–133. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1997.2697 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1997.2697
Heath, C. (1999). On the social psychology of agency relationships: lay theories of motivation overemphasize extrinsic incentives. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 78(1), 25–62. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1999.2826 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1999.2826
Hsee, C. K., & Weber, E. U. (1997). A fundamental prediction error: self-others discrepancies in risk preference. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 126(1), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.126.1.45 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-3445.126.1.45
Jonas, E., Schulz-Hardt, S., & Frey, D. (2005). Giving advice or making decisions in someone else’s place: the influence of impression, defense, and accuracy motivation on the search for new information. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(7), 977–990. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204274095 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204274095
Kivetz, R., & Keinan, A. (2006). Repenting hyperopia: an analysis of self‐control regrets. Journal of Consumer Research, 33(2), 273–282. https://doi.org/10.1086/506308 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/506308
Kray, L. J. (2000). Contingent weighting in self-other decision making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 83(1), 82–106. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.2000.2903 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.2000.2903
Kray, L., & Gonzalez, R. (1999). Differential weighting in choice versus advice: I’ll do this, you do that. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 12(3), 207–218. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0771(199909)12:3<207::AID-BDM322>3.0.CO;2-P DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0771(199909)12:3<207::AID-BDM322>3.0.CO;2-P
Laran, J., (2010). Goal management in sequential choices:consumer choices for others are more indulgent than personal choices. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 304–314. https://doi.org/10.1086/652193 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/652193
Leary, M. (1995). Self-Presentation: Impression Management and Interpersonal Behavior. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Liu, P. J., Campbell, T. H., Fitzsimons, G. J., & Fitzsimons, G. M. (2012). Matching choices to minimize offense: avoiding offending stigmatized group members by making similar choices for them and for us. Advances in Consumer Research, 40, 38-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2013.08.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/e570052013-046
Liu, P. J., Dallas, S. K., & Fitzsimons, G. J. (2019). A framework for understanding consumer choices for others. Journal of Consumer Research, 46(3), 407–434. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucz009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucz009
Lu, J., Liu, Z., & Fang, Z. (2016). Hedonic products for you, utilitarian products for me. Judgment and Decision Making, 11(4), 332–341. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1930297500003764 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1930297500003764
Lundgren, S. R., & Prislin, R. (1998). Motivated cognitive processing and attitude change. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(7), 715–726. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167298247004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167298247004
Mu, Y., & Givi, J. (2025). Who cares more? A giver–recipient asymmetry in the importance of selecting a good gift. European Journal of Marketing, 59(1), 59–85. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-12-2022-0853 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-12-2022-0853
Nagpal, A., Lei, J., & Khare, A. (2015). To choose or to reject: the effect of decision frame on food customization decisions. Journal of Retailing, 91(3), 422–435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2014.12.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2014.12.001
Okada, E. M. (2005). Justification effects on consumer choice of hedonic and utilitarian goods. Journal of Marketing Research, 42(1), 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.42.1.43.56889 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.42.1.43.56889
Prentice, D. A. (1990). Familiarity and differences in self- and other-representations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(3), 369–383. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.59.3.369 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.59.3.369
Raghunathan, R., Naylor, R. W., & Hoyer, W. D. (2006). The unhealthy = tasty intuition and its effects on taste inferences, enjoyment, and choice of food products. Journal of Marketing, 70(4), 170–184. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.70.4.170 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.70.4.170
Rishika, R., Feurer, S., & Haws, K. L. (2022). Really rewarding rewards: strategic licensing in long-term healthy food consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 49(2), 268–287. https:// doi-org.uproxy.library.dc-uoit.ca/10.1093/jcr/ucab059 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucab059
Rozin, P., Ashmore, M., & Markwith, M. (1996). Lay American conceptions of nutrition: dose insensitivity, categorical thinking, contagion, and the monotonic mind. Health Psychology, 15(6), 438–447. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.15.6.438 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.15.6.438
Schlenker, B. R., & Weigold, M. F. (1992). Interpersonal processes involving impression regul-ation and management. Annual Review of Psychology, 43(1), 133–168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.43.020192.001025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.43.020192.001025
Shafir, E., Simonson, I., & Tversky, A. (1993). Reason-based choice. Cognition, 49(1-2), 11-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(93)90034-S
Simonson, I. (1989). Choice Based on Reasons: The case of attraction and compromise effects. Journal of Consumer Research, 16(2), 158–174. https://doi.org/10.1086/209205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/209205
Slovic, P. (1975). Choice between equally valued alternatives. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1(3), 280–287. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.1.3.280 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0096-1523.1.3.280
Tetlock, P. E. (1992). The impact of accountability on judgment and choice: toward a social contingency model. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 331-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60287-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60287-7
Tice, D. M., Butler, J. L., Muraven, M. B., & Stillwell, A. M. (1995). When modesty prevails: differential favorability of self-presentation to friends and strangers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(6), 1120–1138. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1120 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.69.6.1120
Tversky, A., Sattath, S., & Slovic, P. (1988). Contingent weighting in judgment and choice. Psychological Review, 95(3), 371–384. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.95.3.371 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-295X.95.3.371
VanEPPS, E. M., Downs, J. S., & Loewenstein, G. (2016). Advance ordering for healthier eating? Field experiments on the relationship between the meal order–consumption time delay and meal content. Journal of Marketing Research, 53(3), 369–380. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.14.0234 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1509/jmr.14.0234
Wilcox, K., Vallen, B., Block, L., Fitzsimons, G. J. (2009). Vicarious goal fulfillment: when the mere presence of a healthy option leads to an ironically indulgent decision. Journal of Consumer Research, 36(3), 380–393. https://doi.org/10.1086/599219 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/599219
Wolfe, R. N., Lennox, R. D., & Cutler, B. L. (1986). Getting along and getting ahead: empirical support for a theory of protective and acquisitive self-presentation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(2), 356–361. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.356 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.50.2.356
Wright, K. G., Liu, P. J., Zhou, L., & Fitzsimons, G. J. (2024). Sharing food can backfire: when healthy choices for children lead parents to make unhealthy choices for themselves. Journal of Marketing Research, 61(3), 451–471. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222437231184830 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/00222437231184830
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ying Jiang, Jing Lei (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.