AI Strategic Orientation and the B2B Social Media Brand Meaning Process: Antecedents, Consequences, and Outcomes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63522/jabbs.102010Keywords:
Artificial intelligence; Brand meaning; Social media; Storytelling; Value co-creationAbstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) and social media continue to transform how brand meaning is co-created in business-to-business (B2B) contexts. Yet limited research explores brand meaning in the B2B context and research is specifically lacking that examines how firms’ AI strategic orientation influences the brand meaning journey and subsequent co-creation outcomes. Drawing on service-dominant logic, this study develops and tests a model positioning AI strategic vision as a key antecedent to brand partnerships, storytelling-driven brand passion, and co-created brand meaning, which in turn shape social media brand value co-creation and AI value-in-use. Using a sample of 197 B2B marketing professionals, the PLS-SEM results indicate that AI strategic vision significantly influences all three elements of the brand meaning journey and, indirectly, AI value-in-use. Although storytelling emerged as the strongest predictor of co-created brand meaning, it only influenced AI value-in-use through mediated pathways. Combined, these findings position a firm’s strategic vision for AI in a social media marketing context as a strategic enabler of narrative, relational, and symbolic brand-building processes in B2B marketing environments. The current study advances theoretical understanding of AI-enabled co-creation and provides actionable guidance for B2B marketers seeking to align brand meaning strategies with AI and social media capabilities.
References
Aaker, D. A. (1991). Managing brand equity: Capitalizing on the value of a brand name. Free Press.
Agnihotri, R., & John-Mariadoss, B. (2022). Social media and B2B sales: An integrative frame-work and future directions. Industrial Marketing Management, 102, 377–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2022.02.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2022.02.004
Anderski, M., Griebel, L., Stegmann, P., & Ströbel, T. (2023). Empowerment of human brands: Brand meaning co-creation on digital engagement platforms. Journal of Business Research, 166, 113905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113905 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113905
Baker, J. J., Fehrer, J. A., & Brodie, R. J. (2022). Navigating the emergence of brand meanin-g in service ecosystems. Journal of Service Management, 33(3), 465–484. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-07-2021-0261 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-07-2021-0261
Balaji, M. S., Behl, A., Jain, K., Baabdullah, A. M., Giannakis, M., Shankar, A., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2023). Effectiveness of B2B social media marketing: The effect of message source and message content on social media engagement. Industrial Marketing Management, 113, 243–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2023.06.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2023.06.011
Bansal, A., & Sisodia, S. (2024). Building brand identity in B2B markets: Co-creation of conte-nt with suppliers via storytelling, Journal of Marketing Communications, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2024.2387845 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2024.2387845
Barney-McNamara, B., Peltier, J., Chennamaneni, P. R., & Niedermeier, K. E. (2021). A conceptual framework for understanding the antecedents and consequences of social selling: A theoretical perspective and research agenda. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 15(1), 147–178. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-05-2020-0108 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-05-2020-0108
Batra, R. (2019). Creating brand meaning: A review and research agenda. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 29(3), 535–546. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1122 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1122
Bergner, A. S., Hildebrand, C., & Häubl, G. (2023). Machine talk: How verbal embodiment in conversational AI shapes consumer–brand relationships. Journal of Consumer Research, 50(4), 742–764. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucad014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucad014
Berthon, P., Pitt, L. F., & Campbell, C. (2009). Does brand meaning exist in similarity or singularity? Journal of Business Research, 62(3), 356–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.05.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.05.015
Brand, L., Anderski, M., & Ströbel, T. (2025). Unpacking brand co-creation: A single-case study and empirical consolidation of brand co-creation performances following qualitative meta-synthesis. Journal of Brand Management, 32(2), 150–165. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41262-024-00374-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41262-024-00374-9
Brüns, J. D., & Meißner, M. (2024). Do you create your content yourself? Using generative artificial intelligence for social media content creation diminishes perceived brand authenticity. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 79, 103790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2024.103790 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2024.103790
Cambra-Fierro, J., Patrício, L., Polo-Redondo, Y., & Trifu, A. (2025). It’s the moment of truth: A longitudinal study of touchpoint influence on business-to-business relationships. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 19(4), 503–526. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-07-2022-0227 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-07-2022-0227
Cao, G., & Weerawardena, J. (2023). Strategic use of social media in marketing and financial performance: The B2B SME context. Industrial Marketing Management, 111, 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2023.03.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2023.03.007
Cortez, R. M., & Dastidar, A. G. (2022). A longitudinal study of B2B customer engagement in LinkedIn: The role of brand personality. Journal of Business Research, 145, 92–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.02.086 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.02.086
Cortez, R. M., Johnston, W. J., & Dastidar, A. G. (2023). Managing the content of LinkedIn posts: Influence on B2B customer engagement and sales? Journal of Business Research, 155, 113388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113388 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113388
Cui, Y. G., van Esch, P., & Phelan, S. (2024). How to build a competitive advantage for your brand using generative AI. Business Horizons, 67(5), 583–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2024.05.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2024.05.003
Dahl, A. J., Peltier, J. W., & Swan, E. L. (2023). Anticipatory value-in-use in early-stage digital health service transformations: How consumers assess value propositions before and after abrupt, exogenous shocks. Journal of Business Research, 163, 113910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113910 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113910
Deng, Q., Wang, Y., Rod, M., & Ji, S. (2021). Speak to head and heart: The effects of linguistic features on B2B brand engagement on social media. Industrial Marketing Management, 99, 1–15. https://doi: 10.1016/j.indmarman.2021.09.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2021.09.005
Deryl, M. D., Verma, S., & Srivastava, V. (2023). How does AI drive branding? Towards an integrated theoretical framework for AI-driven branding. International Journal of Information Management Data Insights, 3(2), 100205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2023.100205 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2023.100205
Deryl, M. D., Verma, S., & Srivastava, V. (2025). 8‐T Framework for Artificial Intelligence‐Driven Branding: A Strategic Typology. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 49(1), e70002. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.70002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.70002
Dong, Y. (2025). Implementation of artificial intelligence for brand equity. Cogent Business & Management, 12(1), 2471538. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2025.2471538 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2025.2471538
Dretsch, H. J., Kirmani, A., & Lundberg, J. (2024). Designing brand cocreation activities to in-crease digital consumer engagement. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 59(2), 151–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/10949968231191097 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/10949968231191097
Du Plessis, C., D’Hooge, S., & Sweldens, S. (2024). The science of creating brand associations: A continuous trinity model linking brand associations to learning processes. Journal of Consumer Research, 51(1), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucad046 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucad046
Escalas, J. E., & Bettman, J. R. (2005). Self-construal, reference groups, and brand meaning. Journal of Consumer Research, 32(3), 378–389. https://doi.org/10.1086/497549 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/497549
Essamri, A., McKechnie, S., & Winklhofer, H. (2019). Co-creating corporate brand identity with online brand communities: A managerial perspective. Journal of Business Research, 96, 366–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.07.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.07.015
Feldwick, P. (2002). What is brand equity, anyway? In Re-thinking brand equity: A brand economics perspective. WARC Publications.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
Franzen, G., & Bouwman, M. (2001). The mental world of brands: Mind, memory and brand success. World Advertising Research Centre.
Fuller, R., Stocchi, L., Gruber, T., & Romaniuk, J. (2023). Advancing the understanding of the pre-purchase stage of the customer journey for service brands. European Journal of Marketing, 57(2), 360–386. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-10-2021-0792 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-10-2021-0792
Gao, Y. J., & Liu, H. F. (2023). Artificial intelligence-enabled personalization in interactive marketing: Customer journey perspective. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 17(5), 663–680. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-01-2022-0023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-01-2022-0023
Gibson, S., Dahl, A. J., Hsu, M. K., & Moreno, G. (2024). Understanding the complexities of omnichannel retailing through a service-dominant logic framework: Exploring the role of digitalization in the retail ecosystem. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 34(5), 669–702. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593969.2024.2347931 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09593969.2024.2347931
Gustafson, B. M., & Pomirleanu, N. (2021). A discursive framework of B2B brand legitimacy. Industrial Marketing Management, 93, 22–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.12.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.12.009
Hair, J. F., Jr., Howard, M. C., & Nitzl, C. (2020). Assessing measurement model quality in PLS-SEM using confirmatory composite analysis. Journal of Business Research, 109, 101–110, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.069 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.069
Hao, A., & Liu, H. (2024). Guest editorial: Artificial intelligence application and future research directions in interactive marketing. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 18(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-07-2023-0231 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-07-2023-0231
Hardcastle, K., Edirisingha, P., Cook, P., & Sutherland, M. (2025). The co-existence of brand value co-creation and co-destruction across the customer journey in a complex higher education brand. Journal of Business Research, 186, 114979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114979 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114979
Harman, D. (1967). A single factor test of common method variance. Journal of Psychology, 35, 359–378.
He, J., & Zhang, F. (2022). Dynamic brand positioning: A firm-customer synergistic strategy of brand meaning cocreation in a hyperconnected world. European Journal of Marketing, 56(10), 2774–2803. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-10-2021-0813 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-10-2021-0813
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43, 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Henseler, J., & Schuberth, F. (2020). Using confirmatory composite analysis to assess emergent variables in business research. Journal of Business Research, 120, 147–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.07.026 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.07.026
Iglesias, O., Landgraf, P., Ind, N., Markovic, S., & Koporcic, N. (2020). Corporate brand identity co-creation in business-to-business contexts. Industrial Marketing Management, 85, 32–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2019.09.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2019.09.008
Keller, K. L. (2003). Brand synthesis: The multi-dimensionality of brand knowledge. Journal of Consumer Research, 29(4), 595–600. https://doi.org/10.1086/346254 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/346254
Keller, K. L. (2013). Building strong brands in a modern marketing communications environment. In D. E. Schultz, C. Patti, & P. Kitchen (Eds.), The evolution of integrated marketing communications (pp. 65–81). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315872728 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315872728
Kittur, P., Chatterjee, S., & Upadhyay, A. (2023). Antecedents and consequences of reliance in the context of B2B brand image. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 38(1), 102–117. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-05-2021-0263 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-05-2021-0263
Kovalchuk, M., Gabrielsson, M., & Rollins, M. (2023). Industrial BRAND-personality formation in a B2B stakeholder network: A service-dominant logic approach. Industrial Marketing Management, 114, 313–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2023.05.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2023.05.006
Krishen, A. S., Barnes, J. L., Petrescu, M., & Janjuha-Jivraj, S. (2024). Tweeting for change: Social media narratives for sustainable service. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 18(6), 1178–1204. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-04-2023-0118 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-04-2023-0118
Le, Q. H., Phan Tan, L., & Hoang, T. H. (2022). Customer brand cocreation on social media: A systematic review. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 40(8), 1038–1053. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-04-2022-0161 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-04-2022-0161
Levy, G. J, & Burleigh, S. (1955). The product and the brand. Harvard Business Review, 33, 33–9.
Mahdiraji, H. A., Kamardi, A. A., Hajiagha, S. H. R., & Vrontis, D. (2024). Unveiling the controversies of brand identity management: A holistic framework for global B2B companies through a hybrid systematic literature review and interpretive structural modelling. Industrial Marketing Management, 121, 179–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2024.07.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2024.07.016
Mangiò, F., Mismetti, M., Lissana, E., & Andreini, D. (2023). That's the press, baby! How journalists co-create family business brands meanings: A mixed method analysis. Journal of Business Research, 161, 113842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113842 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113842
Manser Payne, E., Peltier, J. W., & Barger, V. A. (2018). Mobile banking and AI-enabled mobile banking: The differential effects of technological and non-technological factors on digital natives’ perceptions and behavior. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 12(3), 328–346. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-07-2018-0087 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-07-2018-0087
Marvi, R., Zha, D., & Foroudi, P. (2024). Elevating B2B branding in a global context: Integrating existing literature and proposing a forward-thinking conceptual framework. Industrial Marketing Management, 120, 247–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2024.06.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2024.06.006
McCracken, G. (1986). Culture and consumption: A theoretical account of the structure and movement of the cultural meaning of consumer goods. Journal of Consumer Research, 13(1), 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1086/209048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/209048
McKee, K. M., Dahl, A. J., & Peltier, J. W. (2024). Gen Z's personalization paradoxes: A privacy calculus examination of digital personalization and brand behaviors. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 23(2), 405-422. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.2199 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.2199
Mogaji, E., Restuccia, M., Lee, Z., & Nguyen, N. P.(2023). B2B brand positioning in emerging markets: Exploring positioning signals via websites and managerial tensions in top-performingAfrican B2B service brands. Industrial Marketing Management, 108, 237–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2022.12.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2022.12.003
Peltier, J. W., & Dahl, A. J. (2024). Guest editorial: Cutting-edge research in social media and interactive marketing. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 18(5), 733–740. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-09-2024-446
Peltier, J. W., Dahl, A. J., Drury, L., & Khan, T. (2024). Cutting-edge research in social media and interactive marketing: A review and research agenda. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 18(5), 900–944. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-02-2024-0074 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-09-2024-446
Peltier, J. W., Dahl, A. J., Drury, L., Khan, T., & Wang, C. L. (2025). Where’s the interactive marketing in the interactive marketing literature? A state-of-the-art review and research agenda. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 1–43. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-03-2025-0135
Peltier, J. W., Dahl, A. J., & Schibrowsky, J. A. (2024). Artificial intelligence in interactive marketing: A conceptual framework and research agenda. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 19(1), 54–90. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-01-2023-0030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-01-2023-0030
Peltier, J. W., Zahay, D., & Lehmann, D. R. (2013). Organizational learning and CRM success: A model for linking organizational practices, customer data quality, and performance. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 27(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2012.05.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intmar.2012.05.001
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Quest, J. (2023). Developing brand meaning theory: The interplay of tangible attributes and intangible associations in relation to local food brands. European Journal of Marketing, 57(9), 2459–2485. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-07-2021-0529 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-07-2021-0529
Reitsamer, B. F., Stokburger-Sauer, N. E., & Kuhnle, J. S. (2024). How and when effective customer journeys drive brand loyalty: The role of consumer-brand identification. Journal of Service Management, 35(6), 109–135. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-08-2023-0374 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-08-2023-0374
Rossolatos, G. (2019). Negative brand meaning co-creation in social media brand communities:A laddering approach using NVivo. Psychology & Marketing, 36(12), 1249–1266. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21273 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21273
Salonen, A., Mero, J., Munnukka, J., Zimmer, M., & Karjaluoto, H. (2024). Digital content marketing on social media along the B2B customer journey: The effect of timely content deliveryon customer engagement. Industrial Marketing Management, 118, 12–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2024.02.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2024.02.002
Shankar, A., Kumar, A., Behl, A., Pereira, V., & Budhwar, P. (2024). You or an imposter? How to protect brand identity in a business-to-business context?. Industrial Marketing Management, 116, 93-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2023.12.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2023.12.001
Shen, Y.-C., Lee, C. T. & Lin, W.-Y. (2024). Meme marketing on social media: The role of informational cues of brand memes in shaping consumers' brand relationship. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 18(4), 588–610. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-01-2023-0029
Song, X., Mercado González, J., Revilla, L. C., & Goldberg Dalma, N. (2025). Unveiling Mexican perspectives on AI meets luxury marketing in Mexico. Journal of Applied Business & Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.63522/jabbs.101001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.63522/jabbs.101001
Swaminathan, V., Sorescu, A., Steenkamp, J.-B. E. M., O’Guinn, T. C. G., & Schmitt, B. (2020). Branding in a hyperconnected world: Refocusing theories and rethinking boundaries. Journal of Marketing, 84(2), 24–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022242919899905 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022242919899905
Swan, E.L., Peltier, J.W. & Dahl, A.J. (2024). Artificial intelligence in healthcare: the value co-creation process and influence of other digital health transformations. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 18(1), 109–126. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-09-2022-0293 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-09-2022-0293
Vander Schee, B. A., Peltier, J., & Dahl, A. J. (2020). Antecedent consumer factors, conseque-ntial branding outcomes and measures of online consumer engagement: Current research and fu-ture directions. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 14(2), 239–268. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-01-2020-0010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-01-2020-0010
Vander Schee, B. A., Peltier, J. W., & Dahl, A. J. (2025). Social media brand attachment: Linking social media usage motivations and brand advocacy. Marketing Management Journal, 35(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.63963/001c.141466 DOI: https://doi.org/10.63963/001c.141466
Vargo, S. L., Wieland, H., & O'Brien, M. (2023). Service-dominant logic as a unifying theoretical framework for the re-institutionalization of the marketing discipline. Journal of Business Research, 164, 113965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113965 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113965
Wang, C. L. (2024). Editorial – What is an interactive marketing perspective and what are em-erging research areas? Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 18(2), 161–165. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-03-2024-371 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-03-2024-371
Wang, C. L. (2025). Basic but frequently overlooked issues in manuscript submissions: Tips from an editor’s perspective. Journal of Applied Business & Behavioral Sciences, 1(2), 139–143. https://doi.org/10.63522/jabbs.102007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.63522/jabbs.102007
Wang, L. V., & Zhou, L. Y. (2025). “What’s in a name?”: The effect of AI agent naming on psychological ownership and responsible behaviors in the shared economy. Journal of Applied Business & Behavioral Sciences, 1(2), 144–162. https://doi.org/10.63522/jabbs.102008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.63522/jabbs.102008
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Betty N. Carew, DBA, James Peltier, Andrew J. Dahl (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.